Invisible East
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Primary Language
Arabic (Arabic script)
Bactrian (Greek-based script)
Chinese (Chinese script)
Judeo-Persian (Hebrew script)
Khotanese (Brahmi script)
Middle Persian (Pahlavi script)
New Persian (Arabic script)
Old Uyghur (Old Uyghur script)
Old Uyghur (Arabic script)
Sanskrit (Brahmi script)
Sogdian (Sogdian script)
Tibetan (Tibetan script)
Turkish (Arabic script)
Additional Languages
Arabic (Arabic script)
Bactrian (Greek-based script)
Chinese (Chinese script)
Judeo-Persian (Hebrew script)
Khotanese (Brahmi script)
Middle Persian (Pahlavi script)
New Persian (Arabic script)
Old Uyghur (Old Uyghur script)
Old Uyghur (Arabic script)
Sanskrit (Brahmi script)
Sogdian (Sogdian script)
Tibetan (Tibetan script)
Turkish (Arabic script)
Collection
Afghanistan National Archives
Afrasiab Museum
Aman ur Rahman Collection
Bancroft Library, Berkeley
Bibliothèque Nationale de France
British Library
California Museum of Ancient Art, Los Angeles
Collection of Isao Kurita
Institut für Iranistik of the Freie Universität Berlin
Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, Chicago
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Khalili Collection
location unknown
Lost. A picture in the State Archive of Tajikistan
Museum of Ethnography, Stockholm
Museum of Renmin University of China
National Library of China
National Library of Israel
Penn Museum
Private Collection
Private Collection, Tehran
Private Collection, Virginia
Sam Fogg Rare Books
Schøyen Collection
Unknown, Tabaristan
Xinjiang Museum
Yarkand Collection at SOAS
Corpus
Arabic Documents from Early Islamic Khurasan
Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan
Bamiyan Papers
Documents from Qarakhanid Samarqand
Firuzkuh Papers
Khotanese Documents from Dandan-Uiliq
Khotanese Documents from Domoko
Khotanese Documents from Dunhuang
Middle Persian Documents from Qom
Middle Persian Documents from Tabaristan
Middle Persian Ostraca from Chāl Ṭarkhān-ʿEshqābād
Sogdian Documents from Dunhuang
Sogdian Documents from Khotan
Sogdian Documents from Mazar Tagh
Sogdian Documents from Mount Mug
Sogdian Documents from Turfan
The Yārkand Documents
Unknown
Type of Text
Administrative (Document)
Istifta (Document)
Legal (Document)
Letter (Document)
List or table (Document)
Literary text (Literature)
Paraliterary (Literature)
Unknown
Document Subtype
Administrative: Accounts
Administrative: Decree
Administrative: Fiscal account/register
Administrative: Grains disbursed from the granary
Administrative: Informational note to the field
Administrative: Internal correspondence
Administrative: Inventory of grain warehouses
Administrative: List
Administrative: Missives for action
Administrative: Missives to the field
Administrative: Order of payment (or other)
Administrative: Order of seed transfer
Administrative: Order of summons
Administrative: Order to seize
Administrative: Order to suspend payment
Administrative: Petition
Administrative: Receipt
Administrative: Report
Administrative: Request
Administrative: Tax credit note
Legal: Act of protection
Legal: Amicable Settlement
Legal: Debt
Legal: Divorce
Legal: Donation
Legal: Guarantee of liability
Legal: Inheritance
Legal: Jihad
Legal: Litigation
Legal: Loan
Legal: Marriage
Legal: Partnership
Legal: Penal rules
Legal: Personal Status
Legal: Power of attorney
Legal: Preemption
Legal: Rent-hire
Legal: Sale
Legal: Slavery and Manumission
Legal: Testimony
Legal: Transfer of money or goods
Legal: Unknown
Legal: Worship acts
Letter: Apology
Letter: Commercial
Letter: Complaint
Letter: Condolence
Letter: Confidential
Letter: Confirmation of receipt of letter
Letter: Congratulation
Letter: Consultation
Letter: Convalescence
Letter: Displeasure
Letter: Gratitude
Letter: Invitation
Letter: Loan request
Letter: Longing
Letter: Support
Toponyms
ʿAjagak (Hajigak (modern))
Āhangarān
Amber (Sar-i Pul (modern))
Andar (Anwar)
Andarāba (Andarāb)
Angār
Anwar-gird (Andar-gird)
Arsaf
Asp-qūl
Azraw
Baghlān
Balkh
Bāmiyān (Bamyan)
Band-i Khāsh (Darra-yi Khāsh (?, modern))
Bandālīzh (Band-i Alīzh, Band-i Ilīzh) (Bandānlīzh, Bandālīch, Bandān Līch, Band-i ʿAlī (?, modern))
Barāslīzh
Bardīz
Bukhara (Bokhara)
Būtiyān (Botiyan (modern), Botyan (modern))
Chākarī (Chāgarī, Jākar, Jāgarī) (Chākarī (modern))
Chawqānī (Jawqānī)
Chemkān
Dāmam
Dar Ṭakh (Takht (?, modern))
Dāwar
Dupawi
Durustī
Farāmān (Warāman, Wazāmān)
Firūzān
Fīrūzkūh (Jām (modern))
Funduqistān (Fondukistan (modern))
Garokan
Gaz
Ghandamīn (Ghalmin (?, modern))
Ghandaq (Ghandak (modern))
Ghandar
Ghārmīkh (Ghārminj, Ghārmikh)
Ghūr Karūd (Ghūr Garūd)
Ghūrwand
Golg
Gozgan (Gōzgan, Guzgan, Juzjan, Jowzjan (modern))
Irīzh
Īsh (Līzh)
Istīw (Istīb)
Izīr
Jawlāh (Jūlāh, Chawlāh, Chūlāh)
K.šwā
Kadagstan
Kadūr
Kāfshān (Kāwshān, Kāf Shān) (Kafshān)
Kah (Kahmard (modern))
Kalf (Kelif, Keleft (modern))
Kāliyūn (Kālyūn)
Kamand-i Rāgh
Karmkār
Karūd
Kashgar
Kāshghar
Kasūf
Kawrīj (Kūrīj)
Khāy
Khīsh (Khesh (Bactrian))
Khustgān
Kiriyān (Kadyān, Karyān)
Lāmtak
Lizg (Lizag)
Madr (Malr)
Mahon
Miyān Shahr
Murghāb
Nala
Nāy (Nay Qalʿa (?, modern))
Nayak (Himak, Nimak)
Nīlinj (Nilinj (modern))
Posgām (Būskām)
Pūza-yi ʿUlyā (Pūza-yi Līch-i ʿUlyā (?, modern))
Qom (Kōm)
Rabanjī
Rabul
Ramin
Rāq (Kūh-i Rāq)
Rīw (Zīr) (Riwah (?, modern))
Rizm
Rob (Rui (modern))
رسحر مں (؟)
Rubāṭ (Āq Rabāṭ (?, modern))
Rubāṭ-i Miyān Shahr
Rubāṭiyān (Ribāṭ Shār)
Sabz Bahār
Safī (Saqī)
Sagnūl
Sakūn
Samangān (Samingan, Siminjan)
Samarqand
Sandaran
Sanga
Sānī (Shānī)
Sar-i Āsiyā
Sar-i Khīsh (Qūl-i Khīsh (?, modern))
Sarī Gudhar
Shahr-e Khuru
Shangaryān (Shingiryān)
Shāristay (Sharestay (modern))
Shāshiyān
Shawāniq
Shawār
Shibārghū (Sibārghū)
Shūya Wak
Sinīn
Sınmas (Altınqı-Sınmas)
Skānj
Sozargan
Sparf (Isparf (modern))
Sū (Shū, Safī, Saqī)
Suf (Suq) (Tagaw-e Suf (modern))
Surkh Dar
Sūya (Shūya, Sūba) (Kūtal-i Ṣūba)
Tag Āb-i Kurgī (Tag Āb-i Kurgīn) (Kurgin (?, modern))
Tālīzh
Ṭāq (Tāgh, Ṭāq-i Murghāb, Tagaw-e Taq (modern))
Tarmid (Termez (modern))
Toponym (Alternative Readings (one place, different readings)) (Other Attested Forms (one place, different writings))
Tufandih (Tukhundī (?, modern))
Wak
Warmiyās
Warzīkh
Wāshān (Wānshān)
Wīlīzh (Waylīzh)
Yārkand (Yārkanda) (Yārqand)
Yaskarāgh
Yaskin
Yunavo (?)
Zēr-i Rahbān
Zīr Damān (Zīr-i Damān)
Zuwer
Gregorian Date (from)
4th Century CE
5th Century CE
6th Century CE
7th Century CE
8th Century CE
9th Century CE
10th Century CE
11th Century CE
12th Century CE
13th Century CE
14th Century CE
15th Century CE
16th Century CE
17th Century CE
18th Century CE
19th Century CE
20th Century CE
21st Century CE
Gregorian Date (to)
4th Century CE
5th Century CE
6th Century CE
7th Century CE
8th Century CE
9th Century CE
10th Century CE
11th Century CE
12th Century CE
13th Century CE
14th Century CE
15th Century CE
16th Century CE
17th Century CE
18th Century CE
19th Century CE
20th Century CE
21st Century CE
Writing Support
birchbark
clay (bullae)
leather
leather
linen
ostracon
paper
parchment
seals
stone (graves)
textile
willow stick
wood
Writing Support Details
Fading/discolouration
fold lines
fraying/crumpling
holes
lacunae
pasted into Mirza Khwaja Muhammad’s notebook
Pieces of paper glued together
recycled
staining
tears
1 results found
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Page 1 of 1
Judeo-Persian: British Library, Or.8212/166
This document contains a letter to an unknown associate, concerning a number of matters including trade in sheep and clothing, financial obligations, and correspondence delays. There are significant lacunae as a result of damage to the paper.
IEDC ID
1281
Type
Letter (Document)
Number of Folios
1
IEDC Input Date
29 Jun 2025
Transcription
Translation
Transliteration