Khalili Collection: DOC 51
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Content

This document records the court proceedings and the judge’s ruling in a litigation case about a dispute on the ownership and use of a share in a mill. The claimant is a woman who is represented by a male guardian. The judge rules in favour of the defendant, who has brought two witnesses to support his claim that the woman’s husband had sold this share to him in her presence. The document reveals a close alignment with rules on documenting court hearings in fiqh literature.

Dates

  • The Gregorian calendar: 26 May 1212 (1212-05-26)
  • The Hijri calendar: 15 Dhū al-Ḥijja 608 (0608-12-15)

Details

DOC 51
Khalili Collection
Unknown
Silver (given following internal peer review)
New Persian (Arabic script)
Arabic (Arabic script)
Legal
Legal: Litigation

Physical Description

paper
Rotulus sheet of paper, complete, black ink; two pieces of paper glued together, written on reused paper
58.9
13.7
Fold lines not visible in the images

People

Publications

  • Bhalloo, Z. 2023. "A Pre-Mongol New Persian Legal Document from Islamic Khurāsān dated AH 608/1212 CE", BSOAS 86: 465-483.

Related Shelfmarks

IEDC Data

1256
09/05/2025
06/10/2025

Citations

Majid Montazermahdi
Arezou Azad, Nabi Saqee, Ofir Haim
The transcription and translation are the original work of the IEDC Team (as yet unpublished in peer-review print)
See 'How to Cite'
https://www.invisible-east.org/corpus/1256/
Images of this Text displayed on this web page are provided by Khalili Collection.
© Khalili Collection, All rights reserved.
If you wish to reproduce these images please contact Khalili Collection.

Contact

invisible_east@conted.ox.ac.uk (Please include the above permalink when contacting the editorial team about this Text)
Folios
1. recto
Tags
Transcription
Translation
2. verso
Tags
Transcription
Translation
Transcription
Folio:
الحکم لله العلیّ الکبیر 1
بِسمِ اللهِ الرَّحمَن الرَّحیم 2
در پانزده ام ماه ذوالحجهء سنه ثمان و ستمائه حاضر آمد 3
بمجلس حکم در قصبهء استیو نزدیک محمد بن اسمعیل بن ابراهیم بن عمر کی وی 4
قاضی است در وی [+/- 1]  من قبل من له الولایه شرعا 5
مسماه فاطمهء بنت محمد بن اميران بن الحسن و با خود حاضر گردانید 6
مر خواجه محمد بن ابرهیم بن علی را حاضر آمده هذه بر حاضر آورده هذا 7
دعوی گفت یک تیر از نه تیر از اسیاهی که بر سر درهء پنجویه (؟) 8
است با کل حدود وی که حق و ملک منست از آن وجه که حسین بن ابرهیم 9
در عوض مهر بمن داده است امروز حق منست بر دست مدعی علیه هذا 10
بناحق است واجب است کی بمن تسلیم کند بعد از صحت دعوی و 11
شرایط وی از مدعی علیه هذا سوال کرده شد جواب گفت کی حق 12
و ملک منست و از مدعیه هذه بخریده ام بحضور شوهر وی حسین بن ابرهیم 13
بهفتاد دینار سیم رایج ضرب حضرت جلت لهف اهلها الله ببیع صحیح 14
و ثمن تسلیم کرده ام بشوهر وی بحضور وی مدعیه هذه مر بیع را 15
و تسلیم ثمن مذکور را منکر بود از مدعی علیه هذا گواه خواسته شد 16
حاضر آورد مر خواجه رئیس جلیل خطیر الدین محمد بن محمد بن حسین را و خواجه 17
محمد بن محمد عرف رشید را و گفت اینها گواهان من اند سوال شان کن 18
بعد از استشهاد گواهی گفتند گواهی صحیح صریح (؟) که یک تیر 19
از نه تیر از آسیاه کی دعوی می کند بهفتاد دینار سیم رایج مدعیه 20
هذه بدین مدعی علیه فروخته است بیع صحیح و ثمن بتمام و کمال 21
قبض کرده است برین جمله گواهی می دهیم و این دعوی بباطل می کند 22
و بدین سبب این آسیاه حق و ملک مدعی علیه است هذا اشارا 23
مواضع الاشاره و ساقا الشهاده علی وجهها و سننها 24
فسمعت شهادتهما و حلفت علی صدق شهادتهما مبالغه و تاکیدا و 25
احتیاطا فسمعت شهادتمهما و اثبتها عندی و بعد استخرت الله 26
تعالی عن الخطا و الزلل و عما یوجب العقاب و حکمت بملکیه المدعی علیه هذا  27
و بصحه بیعه و تسلیم ثمنه الیها و التمس منی هذا الکتاب المدعی علیه هذا 28
لیکون حجه بیده فاجبته الی ذلک و کتبت هذا فی التاریخ المورخ فی صدر الکتاب 29
یقول محمد بن اسمعیل بن ابرهیم فیه حکمی و قضائی 30
و التوقیع علی صدره و هذا من اوله  31
الی اخره خطی و هذا الاسطر الاربعه 32
بعد التاریخ و ذکره خطی و اشهدت علیه من حضرنی 33
34 بحضور من بود و کتبه محمد الحسن عبد الوراق بخطه  
35 همبرین جمله بود و کتبه حسین علی عبد الخالق بامره   
36   همبرین جمله گواهم و کتب علی بن احمد محمد بیده
37 همبرین جمله بود و کتب بختیار بن اسماعیل بن محمد بامره وکتبه محمد بن مسعود بن علی بیده
1 هم برین جمله بود و کتبه حسین دهقان الحسین بامره هم برین جمله بود و کتبه محمد دهقان الحسین بامره 
2 هم برین جمله بود و کتبه احمد حکیم ابو الفضل بامره هم برین جمله بود و کتبه زنگی امیرک (؟) بامره
Translation
Folio:
1 Judgment belongs to God, the exalted, the great.  
2 In the name of God, the merciful, the compassionate.
3 On the fifteenth of the month of Dhū al-Ḥijja in the year 608, [the claimant] has appeared at
4 the court hearing of Istīw town, in the presence of Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Ibrāhīm b. ʿUmar, who 
5 is a judge in [Istīw +/- 1], through a person who has legal authority for
6 the person named Fāṭima bt. Muḥammad b. Amīrān b. al-Ḥasan. She has required the presence of
7 Khwāja Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī at court. She who has appeared 
8 has made a claim against he who was brought here, [stating] “There is one share out of nine in a mill located in the valley Panjūya (?),
9 with all its boundaries, over which I have rights and which is my property, as Ḥusayn b. Ibrāhīm 
10 gave it to me as a dower and today still belongs to me. The defendant is unlawfully occupying it. 
11 He must return it to me.” After verifying the claim and 
12 its conditions, the defendant was interrogated, to which he responded, “I have rights to this and it is my
13 property. I bought it from the claimant in the presence of her husband, Ḥusayn b. Ibrāhīm, 
14 for 70 current silver dinars of the minted in the splendid seat [of Bamiyan (?)], may God protect its people, through a valid sale and 
15 I paid the price to her husband in her presence.” The claimant has denied the sale, and 
16 the payment of the mentioned price. The defendant was asked to present his witnesses. 
17 He presented Khwāja Raʾīs Jalīl Khaṭīr al-Dīn Muḥammad b. Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn and Khwāja
18 Muḥammad b. Muḥammad, known as Rashīd, and stated, “these are my witnesses. Ask them.”
19 After being asked to provide testimony, they offered [their] valid and unequivocal (?) testimonies, stating, “one share 
20 out of nine in the mill that she is claiming, were sold by the claimant for 70 current silver dinars
21 to the defendant in a valid sale, and she received the full price.
22 We are giving our testimony to this, which renders her claim as false.
23 For this reason, the defendant has rights over the mill and it is his property.” They both pointed 
24 to both parties, and delivered their testimonies in the proper manner and according to the rules. 
25 I heard their testimonies. I asked them to swear to the truthfulness of their testimonies with conviction, vigour  
26 and caution. I heard their testimony. To me, it [i.e., the evidence] was corroborated. After that, I asked God almighty
27 for an augury [that protects me] from error, lapse, and from what brings punishment. I judged that the property belonged to the defendant, 
28 that the sale was valid, and that its price was paid to her. This defendant asked me to write this document 
29 so that it may serve as proof for him. Thus, I responded by doing so. I wrote this on the date mentioned at the top of the document.
30          Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl b. Ibrāhīm says, “This is my ruling and my judgement.
31          and the seal (tawqīʿ) on top and everything from beginning 
32          to end is [written] in my hand. And these four lines
33          [written] below the mention of the date, are [written] in my hand, and I asked the people who appeared before me to serve as witnesses.
34 It took place in my presence. Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan b. ʿAbd al-Warrāq wrote it in his hand.  
35 It was thus. It was written at the instruction of Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Khāliq.  
36   I am also a witness to this. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad wrote it in his hand. 
37 It was thus. It was written at the instruction of  Bakhtiyār b. Ismāʿīl b. Muḥammad. Muḥammad b. Masʿūd b. ʿAlī wrote it in his hand.
1 It was thus. It was written at the instruction of Ḥusayn b. Dihqān b. al-Ḥusayn. It was thus. It was written at the instruction of Muḥammad b. Dihqān b. al-Ḥusayn.
2 It was thus. It was written at the instruction of Zangī b. Amīrak.It was thus. It was written at the instruction of Aḥmad b. Ḥakīm b. Abū al-Faḍl.
Map

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Khalili Collection: DOC 51: Folio (recto)
Khalili Collection: DOC 51: Folio (verso)
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